Since its discovery in 1780, lactate has long been misunderstood as a waste by-product of anaerobic glycolysis with multiple deleterious effects. Owing to the lactate shuttle concept introduced in the early 1980s, a paradigm shift began to occur. Increasing evidence indicates that lactate is a coordinator of whole-body metabolism. Lactate is not only a readily accessible fuel that is shuttled throughout the body but also a metabolic buffer that bridges glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation between cells and intracellular compartments. Lactate also acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule through receptors expressed in various cells and tissues, resulting in diverse biological consequences including decreased lipolysis, immune regulation, anti-inflammation, wound healing, and enhanced exercise performance in association with the gut microbiome. Furthermore, lactate contributes to epigenetic gene regulation by lactylating lysine residues of histones, accounting for its key role in immune modulation and maintenance of homeostasis.
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Background s:In recent years, the incidence of tuberculosis has increased mainly in high-risk populations. Classical laboratory diagnostic methods for tuberculosis have low sensitivity and time consuming procedures. Thus, it is important to identify the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the clinical specimens earlier than the culture results for the decision to initiate anti-tuberculosis therapy. Lee et al. reported a species-specific repeated sequence from a Korean M. tuberculosis isolate, which was later proved to be a part of REP13E12 repetitive sequence.
Materials and Methods:In this study, we compared the acid-fast staining, culture, Amplicor MTB (Roche), and REP13E12 PCR for detection of M. tuberculosis using 88 clinical samples. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were compared.
Results :REP13E12 PCR showed equivalent score to Amplicor MTB. Both PCR-based methods showed better score than conventional stain and culture methods.
Conclusion :This result suggested that REP13E12 PCR is helpful for the rapid detection of the M. tuberculosis from clinical specimens.
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid with a strong inflammatory mediator. PAF is synthesized in a variety of cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. PAF is degraded by intracellular and extracellular PAF-acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) thus providing proper level of PAF. Plasma PAF-AH deficiency is associated with several diseases such as asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes, and membranous nephropathy. Cloning of plasma PAF-AH gene enabled the use of recombinant PAF-AH as a therapeutic tool for these PAF-mediated diseases.